While most of the pioneers of early film were male Caucasians, the lack of minority voices in film was filled by two very important filmmakers: Alice Guy Blache and Oscar Micheux. While we will focus on these two primarily, they are far from the only minority voices around. Gay & Lesbian, Asian, Latino, and other influential filmmakers begin working in this time period as well, and should be recognized for their contribution to film.
Today, watch a few of their film clips and take notes on important details. By the end of the lesson you should begin to ask yourself the question:
why is minority cinema important? What is the future of minority cinema? How does knowing a little history help minority artists?
Oscar Michaeux was the first black film director.
Within Our Gates (1919) (music underscore added recently) and his film in its entirety for those interested
Within Our Gates (full film).
Evelyn Preer was one of the early black actresses. She was also a popular singer. Here's one of her songs:
It Takes a Good Woman to Keep a Good Man at Home. You can hear the rhythms of the jazz age (late 1920's). Think of the book
Ragtime. Sadly, in American film, it is not until 1991 that the first African-American female director appears (
Julie Dash). However, since then, more black female directors have joined the ranks.
The first female director is:
Alice Guy Blache
Lois Weber, an
American female, was also a silent film actress and then director. She invented the first use of the split screen technique in her film
Suspense (1913). Other films include
the Blot (1921) and
Hypocrites (the first full frontal nudity depicted in film outside of "art film" like Edweard Muybridge's work.) She, too, is important.
As for
gay and lesbian films of the early silent film era, there are a few. Apart from two men dancing in the film by
Edison, the first depiction of one of the sissy stereotype characters is
Algie the Miner (1912). The film was directed by Alice Guy Blache. The first butch male-to-male kissing scene is the fall of Babylon sequence in D.W. Griffith's
Intolerance (1916). It also features a pretty kick-ass heroine: mountain girl.
A little gender bending: Vitagraph's
A Florida Enchantment (1914)
German film was one of the first to tackle gay subjects head-on. Here's the film
Anders als die Andern (Different from the Others, 1919) by Richard Oswald. It stars Conrad Viedt (see below). The lesbian film
Madchen in Uniform was made in 1931 (and is a talky, so we won't but mention it here). If you're interested in this film, you may also like the 1933 film
Anna und Elisabeth. (This is only a clip, sound is not original, of course.)
Latino silent film information can be found
here. There is little on line to watch (sorry about that). And
Asian film star Sessue Hayakawa starred in such films as
The Typhoon (1914) and
The Dragon Painter (1919). He signed on with Paramount Pictures (Famous Players Lasky) where he worked with Cecil B. DeMille in such movies as
The Cheat (1915). The first Japanese feature film was made in 1912,
the Life Story of Tasuke Shiobara.
The director Dadasaheb Phalke is considered the father of Indian film, although Asian film begins in the late 1890's. It is interesting to note that the first optical toy (a primitive
zoetrope) was invented by Ting Huan in 180 AD in China.
By the end of the silent film era, most countries have begun to make films.
After the Civil Rights Movement, blacks in film began to appear more frequently, although not very often.
Blaxploitation is a film genre that emerged in the early 1970s when many exploitation films were made that targeted the urban black audience; the word itself is a
portmanteau of the words "black" and "exploitation."
Characteristics of Blaxploitation films:
- Story uses the urban ghetto as a locale for its setting
- Often includes such characters as: pimps, hit men, drug dealers, the ho, etc.
- White characters are often antagonists: corrupt cops, evil politicians, easily fooled organized crime goons, etc.
- Characters are often stereotypes
- Black music (hip hop, rap, jazz, R&B, funk, blues, etc.) is used as a score
- Black actors play primary and protagonist roles
Popular genres of Blaxploitation films include:
Crime (
Foxy Brown), action (
Three the Hard Way), horror (
Abby,
Blacula), comedy (
Uptown Saturday Night), nostalgia (
Five on the Black Hand Side), coming-of-age/courtroom drama (
Cornbread,
Earl and Me), and musical (
The Wiz,
Sparkle).
Here is a list of clips for your viewing pleasure:
They Call Me MISTER Tibbs (1970) (Sidney Poitier) - sequel to
In the Heat of the Night
Cotton Comes to Harlem (1970) directed by Ossie Davis
Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971) starring Melvin Van Peebles - considered (with Shaft) to have created the Blaxploitation cycle.
Shaft (1971) Directed by Gordon Parks; starring Richard Roundtree
The popularity of this film spawned these sequels:
Shaft's Big Score (1972)
Shaft in Africa (1973)
And a remake in 2000,
Shaft 2000
Also by Gordon Parks:
Superfly (1972)
Blacula (1972) directed by William Crain
And its sequel:
Scream, Blacula, Scream (1973)
And because Dracula was lonely:
Blackenstein (1973)
Cleopatra Jones (1973) starring Tamara Dobson
and its sequel for all the sistahs:
Cleopatra Jones and the Casino of Gold (1975)
Coffy (1974) starring Pam Grier
These exploitation films were influenced by lesbian exploitation films (also prison exploitation films):
Black Mama, White Mama (1972)
Abby (influenced by the Exorcist - 1974)
Sugar Hill (1974)
Dolemite (1975)
Ralph Bakshi's
Coonskin (1975) Bakshi is not black, but many white filmmakers took advantage of reaching a black audience in their films.
Sparkle (1976) Musicals like this also included such popular titles as
the Wiz (1978)
The Wiz (1978) (Starring Diana Ross and little Michael Jackson)
Later in the 1980's until present, blaxploitation film style has been parodied:
I'm Gonna Git You Sucka! (1988)
Jackie Brown (directed by Quentin Tarantino) 1997
Pootie Tang (2000)
Directors like
Spike Lee are encouraged to make films for a black audience. Many other actors, directors, and writers begin expanding the ground opened by blaxploitation.
She's Gotta Have It (1985) interview with Spike Lee
School Daze (1988)
Malcolm X (1992)
Other critically acclaimed films:
The Wiz
The Color Purple
Beloved
Precious
Romantic films
100 Gangster, Pimp, Hood, Crime films (clip)
The 100 Best Black Movies (trailer)
Recently,
Dear White People (2014),
Selma (2015), and
Straight Outta Compton (2016)
